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The Voivode of Transylvania ((ドイツ語:Vojwode von Siebenbürgen),〔Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 77.〕 (ハンガリー語:erdélyi vajda),〔〔Zsoldos 2011, p. 36.〕 (ラテン語:voivoda Transsylvaniae),〔〔 (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():voievodul Transilvaniei))〔Negrău 2011, p. 92.〕 was the highest-ranking official in Transylvania within the Kingdom of Hungary from the 12th century to the 16th century. Appointed by the monarchs, the voivodesthemselves also the heads or ''ispáns'' of Fehér Countywere the superiors of the ''ispáns'' of all the other counties in the province. They had wide-ranging administrative, military and judicial powers, but their jurisdiction never covered the whole province. The Saxon and Székely communitiesorganized into their own districts or "seats" from the 13th centurywere independent of the voivodes. The kings also exempted some Transylvanian towns and villages from their authority over the centuries. Even so, the voivodeship of Transylvania "was the largest single administrative entity"〔Jefferson 2012, p. 142.〕 in the entire kingdom in the 15th century. Voivodes enjoyed income from the royal estates attached to their office, but the right to "grant lands, collect taxes and tolls, or coin money"〔Sedlar 1994, p. 275.〕 was reserved for the monarchs. Although Roland Borsa, Ladislaus Kán and some other voivodes rebelled against the sovereign, most remained faithful royal officials. Because of the gradual disintegration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in the 16th century, the last voivodes of Transylvania, who came from the Báthory family, ceased to be high-ranking officials. Instead they were the heads of state, although under Ottoman suzerainty, of a new principality emerging in the eastern territories of the kingdom. Accordingly, Stephen Báthory, the voivode elected by the Diet of the new realm, officially abandoned the title of voivode and adopted that of prince in 1576, upon his election as King of Poland. == Origins == The origin of the office is unclear.〔 The title voivode is of Slavic origin with a meaning of "commander, lieutenant".〔 Although Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos wrote of the voivodes〔''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (ch. 38.), p. 171.〕 or chieftains of the Hungarian tribes around 950, he seems to have adopted the term used by a Slavic interpreter.〔Bóna 1994, p. 153.〕 The border position of Transylvania〔 led to the formation of the voivodeship, since the monarchs could not maintain direct control over this remote region.〔Rady 2000, p. 18.〕 Thus the voivodes were never autonomous, but remained provincial officials.〔 The voivodes were heads of Fehér County from 1201,〔Curta 2006, p. 354〕 which may indicate that their position had its origin in the office of that county's ''ispán''.〔Kristó 2003, p. 98.〕 Two royal charters issued in 1111 and 1113 mention one Mercurius ''"princeps Ultrasilvanus"'', but he may have been only an important landowner in Transylvania without holding any specific office.〔Curta 2006, p. 355.〕 The title voivode was first documented in 1199, but a certain Leustachius voivode living some years earlier was mentioned by a document from 1230.〔〔Kristó 2003, p. 97.〕〔 In addition to voivode, royal charters used the titles ''banus'',〔Sălăgean 2005, p. 176.〕 ''dux'' and ''herzog'' for the same office in the next decades, showing that the terminology remained uncertain until the second half of the 13th century.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Voivode of Transylvania」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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